On April 21, 2023, President Biden signed an executive order (EO) purporting to strengthen environmental justice (EJ)—“Revitalizing Our Nation’s Commitment to Environmental Justice for All.” This is the first revamp of President Bill Clinton’s 1994 EO 12898 which has guided agencies for nearly two decades. Biden’s EO directs the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and other agencies to focus on the disproportionate impacts to low-income and other disadvantaged communities. According to the White House fact sheet, these agencies must address cumulative impacts of pollution and climate change when promulgating agency action. The fact sheet lists three key initiatives that the Administration says will “make meaningful changes in communities” and build on Biden’s environmental “progress” thus far. The initiatives are as follows:
